General Info
Pediatric Rheumatology
Pediatric rheumatology is the medical field dedicated to studying and treating musculoskeletal disorders in children aged 0–18. Pediatric rheumatic diseases are among the common conditions in childhood and may require early diagnosis and prolonged treatment to prevent permanent damage. While leg pain in children is often attributed to growth-related discomfort, persistent pain lasting longer than three weeks, recurrent joint pain, or frequent fevers unresponsive to antibiotics may necessitate consultation with a rheumatology specialist. One of the most common pediatric rheumatic diseases is Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF), a genetic condition characterized by recurrent episodes of high fever, abdominal pain, and severe joint pain. Another prevalent condition is Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA), commonly referred to as childhood rheumatism. This article provides insights into these and other pediatric rheumatic diseases, including their diagnosis and treatment options.
Common Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases
Pediatric rheumatic diseases are not limited to musculoskeletal pain but may also affect the skin, scalp, eyes, salivary and lymph glands, blood vessels, and internal organs. Below are the most frequently encountered conditions:
Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF)
FMF is the most common pediatric rheumatic disease in Turkey. Its hallmark symptoms include recurrent episodes of high fever, abdominal pain, joint swelling, and chest pain. Being a genetic condition, patients typically require lifelong management with preventive treatments. Without treatment, FMF may lead to severe complications like kidney failure in later years.
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA)
Known as childhood rheumatism, JIA is characterized by chronic joint inflammation. Symptoms include joint pain, swelling, and restricted mobility. Although it has a potential genetic predisposition, the disease can only be managed, not completely cured, with treatment. According to the Pediatric Rheumatology Association, JIA affects 80–90 out of every 100,000 children in Turkey.
Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP)
HSP is a type of vasculitis that primarily affects small blood vessels, most commonly in the skin, intestines, and kidneys. This condition frequently affects boys and often resolves without leaving permanent damage.
Kawasaki Disease
This condition predominantly affects medium-sized arteries and is more common in children under five years of age. It can lead to inflammation and enlargement of coronary arteries. Kawasaki disease typically peaks in the spring and winter months and presents with symptoms like high fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and peeling of the toes.
Behçet's Disease
Behçet’s disease is a form of vasculitis with no known trigger but is believed to have a genetic predisposition. It often presents with oral and genital ulcers, as well as symptoms affecting the skin, joints, blood vessels, and nervous system.
When to Suspect Rheumatic Diseases in Children
Recurrent high fevers that do not respond to treatment may signal underlying rheumatic conditions. Symptoms such as persistent muscle and joint pain, stiffness in the morning, swelling, redness, and impaired movement should raise concerns, especially when accompanied by frequent recurrence. If these symptoms persist without improvement, it is essential to consider the possibility of rheumatic diseases and seek evaluation from a pediatric rheumatology specialist.
Conclusion
Pediatric rheumatic diseases require timely diagnosis and specialized care to prevent long-term complications. Early recognition of symptoms and consultation with a pediatric rheumatologist can help manage these conditions effectively and improve the child’s quality of life.
This content was developed with contributions from the Medical Park Editorial Board. It is intended for informational purposes only and does not contain therapeutic healthcare advice. For accurate diagnosis and treatment, always consult your healthcare provider.
